Sunday

Introduction to Fracking


What is fracking?

Fracking is a technique used to release petroleum, natural gas or other substances for extraction. Basically, it is a way of getting oil and gas.

What is its history?
  • 1949: first experiment of fracking by Stanolind Oil in Grant Country, Kansas
  • 1970s: widespread use of fracking
  • until early 2000s: vertical fracking
  • 2005: Energy Policy Act
      -fracking excused from Safe Drinking Water Act
      -fracking boom
How does it work?
  1. A large area is gutted out of the ground.
  2. An underground tunnel is crafted, combining with the gutted area to be in the shape of an "L."
  3. Natural gas flows up out of the hole.

Locations


  • The biggest fracking states in the US are Texas, Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
     -Texas: 76,436 gas wells
     -Pennsylvania: 52,700 gas wells
     -West Virginia: 48,215 gas wells
  • Exxon Mobil is the largest manufacturer of natural gas in the United States.
            -Baton Rouge, Baytown
            -Torrance, California
  • China has some of the most prominent fracking in the world.

Videos


Light Your Water on Fire from Fracking



A clip from Gasland, movie pertaining to fracking



Facts about Fracking


Positive Aspects


  • Natural gas is domestic energy for the United States.
  • It makes the US more independent from the middle east and from Russia.
  • Fracking revived many states that had been hit hard after the decline of the steel industry. 
  • Most notably in North Dakota, there has been a resurgence of energy production and economic activity because of fracking.
  • Natural gas drilling or fracking led to the United States becoming the second largest producer of natural gas by 2011 (only beat by Russia).
  • In 2011, the United States produced 8,500,983 million cubic feet of natural gas from gas wells. The average price is $4.24 per thousand cubic feet, which means that $36 billion came from natural gas in the US in 2011.
  • Fracking opens up many job opportunities.

Negative Aspects


  • During the process of fracking, chemical-filled water is injected into the ground and leads to the contamination of drinking water. This has been suspected in such states as Arkansas, Colorado, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
  • Since fracking is exempt from laws, such as the Clean Water Act, the companies do not have to disclose what chemicals they pump into the ground in the process. This leads to extreme contamination of waterways and our drinking water. 
  • Water contamination leads to illness.
  • Human and animal health risks have been linked to fracking.
  • Cancer rates are abnormally high in areas with fracking.
  • Animals have lost hair and fallen ill from contamination.
  • There are studies linking earthquakes to the high-pressurized injection of chemicals into the ground.
  • A 5.7 earthquake in Oklahoma was linked to fracking activity.

Interesting Facts


  • Each gas well uses approximately 3-5 million gallons of water.
  • The most common chemicals in fracking are: methanol, isopropanol, crystalline silica, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, hydrotreated light petroleum distillates, sodium hydroxide and ethylene glycol.
  • This year Gus Van Sant, a famous film director, made a movie called Promised Land, which stars Matt Damon. It is a fictionalized account of the business of convincing a poor town in Pennsylvania to embrace fracking. Damon's character promises prosperity and economic harmony, while an environmentalist warns the townspeople not to fall into the monstrous trap. 
  • A town in Pennsylvania called Luzerne County has been invaded by natural gas companies searching for their Marcellus Shale. Water contamination is EXTREME. Residents even have the ability to set their water on fire. Because of this, the community has created the Gas Drilling Awareness Coalition. It is a real life ‘Promised Land.'

Opinion


          We think that the negative effects of fracking outweigh the benfits. After watching videos of people in small communities being able to set their water on fire and reading about the story of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, we have realized how horribly it affects people's lives. Natural gas companies go into small, poor communities and take advantage of them by promising them jobs, money, and prosperity, much like Matt Damon's character does in Gus Van Sant's Promised Land. This may work in the short term, but in the long term their water supply is forever ruined. Poor communities take this bait and suffer the consequences. It is also difficult to fathom how this process can be exempt from regulation, such as the Clean Water Act. The companies are pumping harmful chemicals into the earth that end up in our water supply without any regulation. They are simply allowed to do as they please with little regard for human health.
          If the natural gas industry went away, we believe that we would suffer some economic consequences, but our health would be better. If this went away, it would eliminate the risk of water contamination and human beings causing earthquakes near our own homes. We need to start moving to other energy sources that don’t give us cancer or birth defects. We strongly believe that there is a better alternative to fracking. There has to be. Hopefully people will start to see this and there won’t be more sad situations like Luzerne County and other towns in America and the world.